Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prevalence and features of tobacco, alcohol and illicat drugs use based on results of international and domestic studies

Full Text:
Read (RU)

Suggested citation:

Klimenko TV, Korchagina GA, Fadeeva EV, et al. [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prevalence and features of tobacco, alcohol and illicat drugs use based on results of international and domestic studies]. Rossiiskii psikhiatricheskii zhurnal [Russian Journal of Psychiatry]. 2021;(5):83-92. Russian

Abstract

In order to study interrelations between the COVID-19 pandemic and substance use, international and Russian publications about substance users’ risks of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, the course of COVID-19 and possible complications are reviewed. Result of analysis of factors that influence the course of the 2019 coronavirus infection are provided: history of smoking, alcohol abuse, use of illicit drugs, including groups of drugs. The impact of social distancing and lockdown measures on addictive behavior of individuals is also considered. In conclusion, the need for educational and preventive activities aimed at minimizing the influence of psychoactive substance-related risk factors is substantiated.

Keywords substance use; smoking; alcohol; drugs; SARS-CoV-2; 2019 coronavirus infection; COVID-19

References

1. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. WHO. URL: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 (accessed on: 15.03.2021). 2. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update and Weekly Operational Update. WHO. URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports (accessed on: 25.10.2021). 3. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020;34(10227):912–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 4. Fiorillo A, Gorwood P. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European Psychiatry. 2020;63(1):e32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35 5. Li X, Song Y, Wong G, et al. Bat origin of a new human coronavirus: there and back again. Science China Life Sciences. 2020;63(3):461–2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1645-7 6. Moukaddam N, Shah A. Psychiatrists Beware! The impact of COVID-19 and pandemics on mental health. Psychiatric Times. 2020;37(3):11–2. 7. Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30090-0 8. Policy Brief: COVID-19 and the Need for Action on Mental Health. United Nations. URL: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/un_policy_brief-covid_and_mental_health_final.pdf (accessed on: 10.03.2021). 9. Clay JM, Parker MO. Alcohol use and misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: a potential public health crisis? The Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(5):e259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30088-8 10. Guirguis A, Chiappini S, Corkery JM, et al. COVID-19: The Hidden Impact on Mental Health and Drug Addiction. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11(767):1–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00767 11. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4 12. Gambarjan MG, Drapkina OM. Kurenie tabaka i COVID-19: staryj vrag v novom oblichii. Obzor tekushhej nauchnoj literatury. KVTiP. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kurenie-tabaka-i-covid-19-staryy-vrag-v-novom-oblichii-obzor-tekuschey-nauchnoy-literatury (accessed on: 16.03.2021). (In Russ.) 13. Satre DD, Hirschtritt ME, Silverberg MJ, et al. Addressing problems with alcohol and other substances among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(7):780–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.012 14. Mery bezopasnosti, prinimaemye v svjazi s COVID-19, ne opravdyvajut chrezmernoe primenenie sily, zajavili special'nye dokladchiki OON. United Nations. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/coronavirus (accessed on: 15.03.2021). (In Russ.) 15. Farhoudian A, Baldacchino A, Clark N, et al. COVID-19 and substance use disorders: recommendations to a comprehensive healthcare response. An international society of addiction medicine (ISAM) practice and policy interest group position paper. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical. 2020;11(2):133–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.11.covid19.1 16. Wang QQ, Kaelber DC, Xu R, Volkow ND. COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from electronic health records in the United States. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(1):30–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00880-7 17. Savko SA, Sturova EV, Stepanova IS. Formy techenija koronavirusnoj infekcii v zavisimosti ot obraza zhizni. Zdorov'e cheloveka, teorija i metodika fizicheskoj kul'tury i sporta. 2021;21(1):46–56. (In Russ.) 18. Liu W, Tao ZW, Lei W, et al. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalised patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chin Med. 2020;5(133(9)):1032–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000775 19. Vardavas CI, Nikitara K. COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tobacco induced diseases. 2020;18:20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/10.18332/tid/119324 20. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 21. Alqahtani J, Oyelade T, Aldhahir A, et al. Prevalence, Severity and Mortality associated with COPD and Smoking in patients with COVID-19: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0233147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233147 22. Jablonskij PK, Suhovskaja OA, Smirnova MA. Vlijanie tabakokurenija na zabolevaemost' i ishody COVID-19. Medicinskij Al'jans. 2020;(2):93–7. (In Russ.) 23. Alkogol' i COVID-19: chto nuzhno znat'. Vsemirnaja organizacija zdravoohranenija [World Health Organization]. URL: https://www.euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf_file/0011/438698/Alcohol-and-COVID-19-what-you-need-to-know-rus.pdf?ua=1 (accessed on: 18.03.2021). (In Russ.) 24. Predlozhenija po lecheniju, uhodu i reabilitacii lic s rasstrojstvami, vyzvannymi upotrebleniem narkotikov kontekste pandemii COVID-19. Organizacija Obedinennyh nacij [United Nations]. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/coronavirus (accessed on: 17.03.2021). (In Russ.) 25. Cook RT. Alcohol abuse, alcoholism, and damage to the immune system – a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(9):1927–42. PMID: 9884135 26. Crews FT, Bechara R, Brown LA, et al. Cytokines and alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(4):720–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00084.x 27. Szabo G, Saha B. Alcohol’s Effect on Host Defense. Alcohol Res. 2015;37(2):159–70. PMID: 26695755 28. Palmer F, Jaffray M, Moffat MA, et al. Prevalence of common chronic respiratory diseases in drug misusers: a cohort study. Prim Care Respir J. 2012;21(4):377–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4104/pcrj.2012.00069 29. Mirijello A, Tarli C, Vassallo GA, et al. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: What is known and what is not known. Eur J Intern Med. 2017;43:1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2017.06.014 30. Perneger TV, Whelton PK, Puddey IB, et al. Risk of end-stage renal disease associated with alcohol consumption. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(12):1275–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009958 31. Sivolap JuP. Pandemija COVID-19 i alkogol': problema, vyhodjashhaja za predely narkologii i psihiatrii. Klinicheskij razbor v obshhej medicine. 2020;(2):11–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47407/kr2020.1.2.00012 (In Russ.) 32. Manfredi P, D'Onofrio A. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer Science and Business Media; 2013. 329 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5474-8 33. Rhodes T. Risk theory in epidemic times: sex, drugs and the social organisation of ‘risk behaviour’. Sociology of Health and Illness. 1997;19(2):208–27. 34. Thylstrup B, Clausen T, Hesse M. Cardiovascular disease among people with drug use disorders. Int J Public Health. 2015;60(6):659–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-015-0698-3 35. Farhoudian A, Rahimi Movaghar A, Rad Goodarzi R, et al. Changes in the use of opioid drugs and available interventions in Bam during the first year after the earthquake (Persian). Hakim Research Journal. 2006;9(1):52–9. 36. Koob GF, Buck CL, Cohen A, et al. Addiction as a stress surfeit disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2014;76(Pt. B (00)):370–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.024 37. Milivojevic V, Sinha R. Central and peripheral bio-markers of stress response for addiction risk and relapse vulnerability. Trends Mol Med. 2018;24(2):173–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.010 38. Schwartz BG, Rezkalla S, Kloner RA. Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine. Circulation. 2010;122(24):2558–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.940569 39. Marsden J, Darke S, Hall W, et al. Mitigating and learning from the impact of COVID-19 infection on addictive disorders. Addiction. 2020;115(6):1007–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15080 40. EMCDDA. COVID-19 and people who use drugs. URL: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/topic-overviews/covid-19-and-people-who-use-drugs_en (accessed on: 18.03.2021). 41. Sacerdote P. Opioids and the immune system. Palliative Medicine. 2006;20(Suppl 1):s9–15. PMID: 16764216 42. Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. COVID-19 and Cannabis Smoking and Vaping: FourThings You Should Know. URL: https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2020-04/CCSA-COVID-19-Cannabis-Smoking-and-Vaping-Report-2020-en_1.pdf (accessed on: 05.04.2021). 43. Sun Y, Li Y, Bao Y, et al. Brief Report: Increased Addictive Internet and Substance Use Behavior During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in China. Am J Addict. 2020;29(4):268–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13066 44. Nemtsov AV, Gridin RR. Kosvennye pokazateli potreblenija alkogolja vo vremja jepidemii koronavirusa v Rossii. Voprosy narkologii [Journal of Addiction Problems]. 2020;10:16–33. (In Russ.) 45. Tsarev SA, Scherban' AV, Tominina EV, et al. Analiz dinamiki nekotoryh alkogol'-associirovannyh sostojanij v period ogranichitel'nyh mer, svjazannyh s novoj koronavirusnoj infekciej v rjade regionov Privolzhskogo federal'nogo okruga. Narkologija [Narcology]. 2020;19(12):11–6. (In Russ.) 46. Bojko OM, Medvedeva TI, Enikopov SN, et al. Misheni psihologicheskoj pomoshhi ljudjam, uvelichivshim potreblenie alkogolja v pandemiju COVID-19. Voprosy narkologii [Journal of Addiction Problems]. 2020;(7(190)):91–104. (In Russ.) 47. Statistics Canada. URL: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2020029-eng.htm (accessed on: 01.04.2021). 48. Manthey J, Kilian C, Schomerus G, et al. Alkoholkonsum während der SARS-CoV-2 Pandemie. SUCHT. 2020;66(5):247–58. 49. Coronavirus: Bootleg alcohol kills 194 people in Iran. Middle East Monitor. URL: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200322-coronavirus-bootleg-alcohol-kills-194-people-in-iran (accessed on: 18.03.2021). 50. Grebelya J, Cerda M, Rhodes T. COVID-19 and the health of people who use drugs: What is and what could be? Int J Drug Policy. 2020;83:102958. DOI: https://doi.org/org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102958 51. Cullen W, Gulati G, Kelly BD. Mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine. 2020;113(5):311–2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa110 52. Dietze PM, Peacock A. Illicit drug use and harms in Australia in the context of COVID‐19 and associated restrictions: Anticipated consequences and initial responses. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2020;39(4):297–300. DOI: https://doi.org/org/10.1111/dar.13079 53. COVID-19 causes some illegal drug prices to surge, as supplies are disrupted worldwide. United Nations. URL: https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/05/1063512 (accessed on: 19.03.2021). 54. Winstock AR, Davies EL, Gilchrist G, et al. Global Drug Survey Special Edition on COVID-19. Global Interim Report. URL: https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/gds-covid-19-special-edition-key-findings-report/ (accessed on: 10.03.2021). 55. Sutherland R, Baillie G, Memedovic S, DOI:Key findings from the ‘Australians’ Drug Use: Adapting to pandemic threats (ADAPT)’ Study. In U. S. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. Am J Addict. 2020;29(4):268–70. DOI: https://doi.org/org/10.1111/ajad.13066 56. EMCDDA Trendspotter briefing. Impact of COVID-19 on patterns of drug use and drug-related harms in Europe. Lisbon; 2020. p. 27. 57. Votaw VR, McHugh RK, Vowles KE, et al. Patterns of polysubstance use among adults with tranquilizer misuse. Subst Use Misuse. 2020;55(6):861–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1708118 58. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. COVID-19 and the drug supply chain: from production and trafficking to use. Research brief. UNODC. URL: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/covid/Covid-19-and-drug-supply-chain-Mai2020.pdf (accessed on: 16.03.2021). 59. Miller P, Fry C, Dietze P. A study of the impact of the heroin ‘drought’ in Melbourne: results of the drug availability monitoring project. Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre. Melbourne; 2001. p. 80. 60. Petterson S, Westfall J, Miller BF. Projected Deaths of Despair During the Coronavirus Recession. Well Being Trust; 2020. p. 21.



DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.47877/1560-957Х-2021-10509

Article Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Metrics powered by PLOS ALM